A First Look at Deployment Strategies of Services Provisioned using Anycast

Authors: Gustavo Luvizotto Cesar, Remi Hendriks, Martin Angelov, Mattijs Jonker, Roland Martijn van Rijswijk - Deij, Johannes Zirngibl, Ralph Holz

Published in Proc. Network Traffic Measurement and Analysis Conference (TMA), 2026

Abstract:
IP anycast is a fundamental Internet technology where a prefix is made available in multiple locations to bring services closer to users and, most importantly, improve service resilience. Despite the growth in anycast—with censuses reporting 1k ASes and 14k /24-prefixes in 2026— little is known about how operators provision services using anycast. We address this gap by characterizing the deployment strategies used by anycast operators, based on the locations behind anycast prefixes and the topologies visible in routing data. We design a pipeline that measures 120 ports on TCP and UDP, and evaluates the use of QUIC and 32 different application-layer protocols to identify services replicated using anycast. We show large differences in deployment strategies: 77% of anycast Autonomous Systems (ASes) announce prefixes with a few IP addresses hosting services, whereas 7% fully utilize their prefixes, with five ASes alone accounting for more than 88% of anycast IP addresses hosting services. We find 18% of ASes make use of the same Bring-Your-Own-Autonomous-System (BYOAS) infrastructure hosting provider, highlighting hidden dependencies not visible without topological analysis. Regional anycast is widespread, with 35% of operators replicating prefixes within a single continent, including 23 ASes with regional prefixes in multiple regions. While most anycast prefixes are used for web services (including deployments with significant QUIC adoption), they are largely originated by a few Content Delivery Network (CDN) ASes. Conversely, we find most ASes use anycast to replicate DNS using a few prefixes, highlighting distinct strategies between CDNs and DNS operators.

Recommended citation: Gustavo Luvizotto Cesar, Remi Hendriks, Martin Angelov, Mattijs Jonker, Roland Martijn van Rijswijk - Deij, Johannes Zirngibl, Ralph Holz, "A First Look at Deployment Strategies of Services Provisioned using Anycast." Proc. Network Traffic Measurement and Analysis Conference (TMA), 2026.